Subsurface voids pose significant risks to geotechnical design. Accurately locating these voids is essential for ensuring the security of structures and infrastructure. Traditional methods, such as borehole analysis, can be time-consuming and provide limited spatial resolution. Emerging geophysical techniques, including ground penetrating radar, of
Cavity characterization plays a vital role in geotechnical design processes. A thorough understanding of cavity shape and characteristics is essential for accurately assessing the potential impact on foundations . Geotechnical engineers utilize exploration minerals diverse techniques to characterize cavities, including exploratory drilling . These
Geophysical exploration plays a crucial role in the identification and evaluation of potential mineral orebodies. By employing various physical methods, geologists can survey beneath the Earth's surface to detect subsurface structures and signatures indicative of mineral richness. These geophysical techniques often involve the observation of physi